IS OUR UNIVERSE A BUBBLE?
We live in our Universe but do we know what it is? Does it have a boundary? How large is it? Where are we in it? What could be outside of it? When did it form? Why did it form? Where and what were its constituents before it formed?
Natural philosophers, physicists, and astrophysicists have puzzled over these questions for thousands of years and still do not have satisfactory answers. Perhaps they have been looking in the wrong places or asking the wrong questions.
Suppose that there is an ill defined
boundary all around us formed as a fog-like region in which radiation pressure
on material bodies is nearly counter balanced and neutralized by gravitational
force. Like atmospheric clouds so familiar to us,
the boundary region would be in constant motion because of changes in the
competing forces caused by the motions of their electrically charged sources.
A Universe could, therefore, be a bubble-like region “floating” in otherwise truly nearly empty space. The “skin” or boundary would continually change in density and could have thin spots or even holes through which electro-magnetic waves could escape. Such openings would be BLACK HOLES because electromagnetic radiation could leak out and, unless there was a reflecting object nearby outside, none of that radiation would return. Black holes almost always would be vortices because motions of surrounding material would be turbulence.
Hence, by definition guided by experience, the region would be black. It is important to realize that such black holes could allow radiation to pass either out of or into our Universe. Also, it should be possible for material bodies to leave or enter through these holes. Similarly, holes or gaps in clouds inside our bubble could appear black.
If the concept of a Universe as a
“bubble” in truly empty space is valid, then it also may be true that there can
be other, perhaps an unlimited number of, such bubbles in the space around us.
(There may be a hint about this in the Bible. “In my Father’s house are many
mansions --------- ”). (St. John 14.2)
The possibility of many Bubble Universes floating about in space then leads to the possibility, if not the certainty, of collisions. There would seem to be several results of such events.
If a collision was gentle perhaps only minor distortions of each boundary would occur with little or no damage to either “skin”.
A more energetic collision could result in deforming or tearing of some part of either or both bubble boundaries. Deformation would send disturbing forces throughout the interior of a bubble Universe in a manner analogous to sound waves inside a rung bell. This could be an explanation of the cause of the BIG BANG. A pressure impulse might be able to compress a collection of material bodies (even one or more galaxies) sufficiently to cause an explosive reaction --- a Big Bang.
There
is no such thing as a real “singularity” in nature. Singularities seem to be
created or discovered by mathematicians or mathematical physicists!
Other possibilities for such
deformations could be material bodies or large bursts of radiation inside our
Universe striking the boundary.
One possible result of such deformation
could be reflection of outgoing electro- magnetic waves so that they would
appear to be originating at or near the deformed boundary.
Another result might be generation of electro-magnetic radiation by accelerating electrically charged bodies in the vicinity of the deformed area. Together these radiations might seem to arrive at our position from the same region. It may be possible that some of the radiant energy might bounce about inside the boundary regions of our Universe and cause confusion by virtue of arriving at various times and directions at our position in our Universe.
Multiple bounces could result in reduction of the energy transported toward our location and thereby provide an explanation of the low temperature background radiation.
Could it be that the variations of the HUBBLE “constant” occur because of forces generated by the disturbed shell of our Universe, perhaps the result of a collision of our bubble with another?
There seems to be no reason to believe
that the shell of our Universe would prevent radiation from escaping even
without large holes and, conversely, would not prevent radiation from entering.
Therein could lie an explanation of the faint “BLUE BACKGROUND” radiation that has been postulated as coming from extremely great distances. Simply stated, Doppler shifted radiation leaking from an approaching bubble universe could be entering our Universe. Or, Doppler shifted radiation might be reflected from a disturbed portion of our bubble’s boundary.
Perhaps Doppler shifted radiation from sources within an undulating portion of our Universe’s shell might encompass the entire electromagnetic spectrum from low frequency “radio” waves to even “GAMMA RAYS”.
Another of those possibilities alluded to is that two or more bubble universes could collide and fuse together to form a new and larger Universe. If such an event occurred would the laws of physics as we understand them be the same?
It may be possible that two bubbles could fuse together in such a way that there would be openings in each of them that would constitute a WORM HOLE or tunnel connecting them through which both radiation and material bodies could pass in either direction.
Why do planets revolve and why do they orbit heavier bodies? Perhaps, when the “Big Bang” occurred, forces that did not concentrate upon the center of the masses of objects (glancing or “off center”) caused them to spin. If so, perhaps by analyzing the directions of spin of many such bodies the direction to and the origin of such forces may be discovered.
Where is the MISSING MATTER, and what is it? Is it right under our noses hidden in
e = mc2 =[ (E x H*) . time] ?
E x H* expresses the power (energy per unit time per unit area) transported through space by oscillating electric and magnetic fields of force. This equation defines the Poynting Vector that refers to a plane wave (or a portion of an expanding spherical wave). It seems possible that enormous numbers of electromagnetic waves travel essentially in all directions simultaneously within our bubble universe and cause a net outward field of force that opposes the total inward force of gravity generated by material bodies.
Edward Lovick, Jr.
REFERENCES
1. Albert Einstein’s comment upon the
use of Ockham’s razor, “Make everything as simple as possible, but not
simpler”. Think about that.
2. William Safire, Occam’s razor
(sometimes spelled Ockham). “Occam’s razor cuts to the chase with pithy
explanation”, Los Angeles Daily News, L.A. LIFE 4 February 1999 p 8;
3. Alan H. Guth, The Inflationary
Universe, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Reading, MA, 1997, ISBN
0-201-14942-7, pg.68.
4. Karl G. Jansky, Bell Telephone
Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ, 1931 & 1932. (He discovered astronomical radio
frequency noise at 20.69 Mhz).
1 Jansky = 10 exp –26
watt/sq m/Hz.
1 Sun = 3.862x10 exp 26 watts.
5. Grote Reber 1936 (He reported
additional measurements of the astronomical radio frequency noise).
6. British radar operators experienced
and identified noise from the Sun in 1942
7. Leigh Page, Introduction to
Theoretical Physics, D. Van Nostrand Company, 250 Fourth Ave. New York 2nd
Ed. (1943) pp. 99-108
8. George E. Henry, “Radiation
Pressure”: Scientific American June 1957, pp. 99-108.
9. Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson
discovered persistent radio “hiss” in 1964.
10.
Guy
Murchie, Music Of The Spheres, Dover Publications, Inc., 180 Varick Street, New
York, NY, 10014, 1967, pp. 191-192.
11.
Frontiers
In Astronomy, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, CA, 1970, pg. 207, Lib.
Cong. 71-129925.
12.
J.G.
Logan The Solar System: Is it an Atom? (Nature) Industrial Research, March 1974
13.
Jay M.
Pasachoff, Contemporary Astronomy, Saunders College Publishing, 1977, pg. 41,
ISBN 0-03-057861-2, Lib. Cong.80-53923.
14.
Louis
Berman and J.C. Evans, Exploring The Cosmos, Little, Brown and Company, Boston,
Toronto, 1980, pp. 90,328, 410, ISBN 0-316-091766, Lib. Cong. 79-90887.
15.
Michael
D. Lemonick, Echo of the Big Bang, Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN
0-691-10278-3. Big Bang theory originated by Georges Lemaitre in 1927, p. 73.
Microwave background proposed by Ralph Alpher and George Herman in 1948, p73.
16.
David
Bodanis, Electric Universe, Crown Publishers Random House, New York 2004.ISBN
1-4000-4550-9.
17.
Hydrogen
“spin flip” radiates 21 cm. (1.4285 Ghz) waves.
18.
J. H.
Poynting (1852-1914), Professor of Physics, University of Birmingham, England,
published this relation in1884.
19.
J.H.
Poynting, “Radiation Pressure” The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical
Magazine and Journal Vol. 9 No. 52 (April 1905) pp. 393-406
20. NOTE: Radiation pressure due to Solar radiation on Earth is 6.736 exp –10 psi
Reviewed and Updated
17 July 2004, 12 Sep. 2005, 19 Nov 2005, 12 Jan. 2006, 4 Oct. 2006, 29 Nov. 2006, 25 Apr. 2007, 3 July 2008, 28 October 2008, 4 Nov. 2008, 15 Dec. 2008, 25 Feb.2009.13 Mar. 2009, 27 Mar. 2009, 6 April 2009.